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This paper aims to answer the following four research questions: Where do tourists gaze at the destination? What do tourists gaze at the destination? How do tourists gaze differently? Why do tourists gaze differently referring to relevant theory?

With a computer vision approach, this study illustrated a series of maps that reflect where and what do tourists gaze at and compared the differences in the visual perceptions among Asian, European and North American tourists in Hong Kong.

The findings confirm that the “tourist gaze” is influenced by geographical and cultural conditions. The conclusions provided three types of implementations for destination management strategies and advocated a high engagement with computer vision technology.

In theory, this study proves that the “tourist gaze” is influenced by geographical and cultural conditions. The study’s methodological contribution lies in applying advanced technology of visual content analysis for big data relevant to the issue of the tourist gaze. Practically, the finding that has not been achieved via previous questionnaire surveys will serve as a reference for tourism recommendations and precision marketing. In addition, its practical contribution is that it offers a means by which to explore tourists’ perceptions of destinations and understand the attractiveness of destinations to tourists.

研究一方面使用计算机视觉深入学习模型对游客照片内容进行识别, 比较了亚洲、欧洲和北美游客在香港不同空间场景的视觉感知差异。另一方面, 研究借助ArcGIS软件对游客凝视地点和内容差异进行了具体可视化分析。

这项研究有四个研究子问题：

• （1） 游客在哪里凝视？

• （2） 游客凝视了什么？

• （3） 游客凝视内容有什么不同？

  （4） 为什么游客凝视不同？

（1） 游客在哪里凝视？

（2） 游客凝视了什么？

（3） 游客凝视内容有什么不同？

（4） 为什么游客凝视不同？

不同游客在旅游目的地的“凝视”存在差异, 差异表征具体体现在地点选择和内容偏好等维度。同时, 研究结果显示计算机视觉技术在旅游研究领域呈现较好的应用潜力。

理论上, 本研究佐证了”游客凝视”受地理和文化条件影响的理论。技术上, 本研究探索了视觉分析技术在游客凝视议题上应用, 为旅游目的地感知评估提供了新的视角。应用层面, 研究结论为旅游目的地精准营销提供了参考。

Resumen

Con un enfoque de visión artificial, este estudio ilustra una serie de mapas que reflejan dónde y qué miran los turistas, y compara las diferencias en las percepciones visuales entre los turistas asiáticos, europeos y norteamericanos en Hong Kong.

El estudio tiene cuatro preguntas de investigación:

• (1) ¿Dónde miran los turistas en el destino?

• (2) ¿Qué miran los turistas en el destino?

• (3) ¿Cómo miran los turistas de forma diferente?

• (4) ¿Por qué los turistas miran de forma diferente en referencia a la teoría pertinente?

(1) ¿Dónde miran los turistas en el destino?

(2) ¿Qué miran los turistas en el destino?

(3) ¿Cómo miran los turistas de forma diferente?

(4) ¿Por qué los turistas miran de forma diferente en referencia a la teoría pertinente?

Las conclusiones confirman que la “mirada del turista” está influida por las condiciones geográficas y culturales. Las conclusiones aportan tres tipos de aplicaciones para las estrategias de gestión de destinos y abogan por un alto compromiso con la tecnología de visión artificial.

En teoría, este estudio demuestra que la “mirada del turista” está influenciada por las condiciones geográficas y culturales. La contribución metodológica del estudio radica en la aplicación de tecnología avanzada de análisis de contenido visual para big data relevante para el tema de la mirada del turista. En la práctica, los hallazgos que no se han logrado a través de encuestas anteriores servirán de referencia para las recomendaciones turísticas y el marketing de precisión. Además, su contribución práctica es que ofrece un medio para explorar las percepciones de los turistas sobre los destinos, y comprender el atractivo de los mismos para los turistas.

This study aims to explore the dimensions and sub-factors of Airbnb hosts’ affinity-seeking strategies. It also aims to build a conceptual framework of hosts’ affinity-seeking strategies and their impact on Airbnb guests’ feelings of affection toward their host and/or the homestay and their behavioral intentions.

Based on 150,161 Inside Airbnb online reviews in three major US cities, this study uses semantic analysis to explore processes through which hosts’ affinity-seeking strategies are constructed.

A conceptual framework is proposed to identify two dimensions (warmth and competency) and their sub-factors (“presenting friendly attitudes,” “showing personality traits,” “providing service and help” and “promoting social interaction and sharing”) of Airbnb homestay hosts’ affinity-seeking strategies. The framework shows a positive relationship between these strategies and guests’ affection and behavior in response.

The research findings provide valuable insights to hosts for improving their affinity and strengthening their competitive advantages. They also offer guidance to destination management organizations on how to build a positive destination image.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to conceptualize Airbnb homestay hosts’ affinity-seeking strategies. It contributes to the literature by incorporating social cognition theory and service theory in the analysis of these strategies.

This study aims to explore the impact of the belt and road initiative (BRI) on tourism development in China and to identify the factors contributing to the BRI’s effect on tourism development.

This study evaluates the impact of the BRI on tourism development using 2007–2017 panel data from 31 provinces and municipalities in China. The data are analyzed using the difference-in-differences method and the factors contributing to the BRI’s effect on tourism development are identified through an analysis of online reviews by users of a massive open online course offered on the FutureLearn platform.

The result suggests that the BRI has boosted total tourism revenue and total tourist arrivals in the BRI region comparing with other regions. Four factors contributing to the BRI’s impact on tourism development in China are identified: macro-environmental factors, transit factors, destination factors and tourism policy and promotional factors.

The BRI has had a significant impact on regional tourism development, yet very few empirical studies have systematically examined the impact of BRI on tourism development. Thus, this paper also addresses this research gap by evaluating the extent to which BRI impacts tourism development and contributes to the factors affecting tourism development.

审视丝绸之路对中国旅游发展的影响：来自MOOC学习平台的见解

本论文旨在开拓丝绸之路（BRI）对中国旅游发展的影响, 以及指出其影响的各种因素。

本论文采用2007年−2017年十年间的来自中国31个省市自治区的平台数据来审视BRI对旅游发展的影响。分析方法为双重差分（DID）模型, 并且对FutureLearn平台的慕课用户在线评论的分析, 来审视BRI对旅游发展的作用。

研究结果表明, BRI帮助发展了整个旅游经济以及整个BRI区域的旅游人次, 相较于其他区域。本论文指出了四个BRI影响中国旅游发展的因素：宏观环境因素、过渡因素、目的地因素、和旅游政策和发展因素。

BRI对区域旅游发展起到显著作用, 然而, 非常少实证研究曾系统地检验过BRI对旅游发展的影响。因此, 本论文解决了这个研究缺口, 指出了BRI对旅游发展的影响, 以及影响其发展的各种因素。

This study aims to explore how attribute performance and hosts’ service quality attributes affect room sales on peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms from the cue congruence perspective.

More than 9.53 million reviews concerning 258,473 listings located in 35 major cities worldwide were collected from Airbnb. Data was collected from December 2019 to December 2020 and was analysed using a generalised linear model.

Results show that when attribute performance and hosts’ service quality attributes give positive signals, Airbnb room sales are significantly higher than when the two kinds of cues give inconsistent or negative signals; when attribute performance gives positive signals and hosts’ service quality attributes give negative signals, room sales are higher than when the former gives negative signals and the latter give positive signals; surprisingly, when both kinds of cues give negative signals, room sales are higher than when attribute performance gives positive signals and hosts’ service quality attributes give negative signals.

This paper adds useful insights on understanding of cue congruence (incongruence) effect on room sales of P2P accommodation platforms. This study has practical implications for hosts, online platform managers and guests regarding how to use online strategies and promotions on the Airbnb platform.

This study is an early attempt to explore how the combination of attribute performance and hosts’ service quality attributes affects Airbnb room sales under the conditions of consistency and inconsistency.

The purpose of the paper is to examine China's county‐level fiscal difficulties. A large portion of China's counties (county‐level cities) have to run with the shortage of financial resources and huge government debt. To make a suitable policy to solve this problem is a top priority.

Using the first‐hand survey data, the paper compares nine sample counties whose economic development level is different, sums up the difficulties county‐level governments are facing and explores countermeasures from qualitative and quantitative approaches.

By studying the survey data of nine sample counties (cities), it is found that county‐level finance is facing the following problems: low‐level fiscal revenue, high debt risk and large gap of fiscal revenue between different counties (cities). Based on these findings, the paper provides suggestions such as ensuring that the county‐level government has sufficient fiscal resources and improving the transfer payment system.

Data from three well‐developed counties (county‐level cities), three middle‐income counties (county‐level cities) and three backward counties made the paper's findings more comprehensive and realistic and suggestions more practical.